Jonathan Swift the Art of Political Lying Summary Sparknotes

Anglo-Irish satirist and cleric (1667–1745)

The Very Reverend Jonathan Swift
Portrait by Charles Jervas, 1710
Built-in	(1667-11-30)30 November 1667 Dublin, Ireland
Died	19 October 1745(1745-x-xix) (aged 77) Dublin, Ireland
Resting place	St Patrick'south Cathedral, Dublin
Pen name	Isaac Bickerstaff, M. B. Drapier, Lemuel Gulliver, Simon Wagstaff, Esq.
Occupation	Satirist essayist political pamphleteer poet priest
Language	English
Alma mater	Trinity Higher Dublin
Notable works	A Tale of a Tub Drapier's Messages Gulliver'southward Travels A Modest Proposal
Signature

Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – xix Oct 1745) was an Anglo-Irish gaelic^[1] satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for the Whigs, then for the Tories), poet, and Anglican cleric who became Dean of St Patrick'southward Cathedral, Dublin,^[two] hence his common sobriquet, "Dean Swift".

Swift is remembered for works such as A Tale of a Tub (1704), An Statement Confronting Abolishing Christianity (1712), Gulliver'south Travels (1726), and A Modest Proposal (1729). He is regarded by the Encyclopædia Britannica as the foremost prose satirist in the English language language,^[1] and is less well known for his poetry. He originally published all of his works under pseudonyms—such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M. B. Drapier—or anonymously. He was a chief of two styles of satire, the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.

His deadpan, ironic writing style, particularly in A Modest Proposal, has led to such satire beingness subsequently termed "Swiftian".^[3]

Biography

Early life

Jonathan Swift was born on 30 Nov 1667 in Dublin in the Kingdom of Ireland. He was the second child and merely son of Jonathan Swift (1640–1667) and his married woman Abigail Erick (or Herrick) of Frisby on the Wreake.^[4] His father was a native of Goodrich, Herefordshire, but he accompanied his brothers to Ireland to seek their fortunes in law after their Royalist father'southward manor was brought to ruin during the English Civil War. His maternal grandfather, James Ericke, was the vicar of Thornton in Leicestershire. In 1634 the vicar was convicted of Puritan practices. Some fourth dimension thereafter, Ericke and his family, including his young daughter Abigail, fled to Republic of ireland.^[v]

Swift's male parent joined his elder brother, Godwin, in the exercise of law in Ireland.^[6] He died in Dublin virtually 7 months before his namesake was built-in.^{[7] [8]} He died of syphilis, which he said he got from dirty sheets when out of town.^[9]

At the age of one, child Jonathan was taken by his moisture nurse to her hometown of Whitehaven, Cumberland, England. He said that in that location he learned to read the Bible. His nurse returned him to his mother, still in Ireland, when he was iii.^[10]

His mother returned to England later on his birth, leaving him in the intendance of his uncle Godwin Swift (1628–1695), a close friend and confidant of Sir John Temple, whose son later employed Swift as his secretary.^[11]

The firm in which Swift was built-in; 1865 illustration

Swift'due south family unit had several interesting literary connections. His grandmother Elizabeth (Dryden) Swift was the niece of Sir Erasmus Dryden, grandad of poet John Dryden. The same grandmother's aunt Katherine (Throckmorton) Dryden was a first cousin of Elizabeth, wife of Sir Walter Raleigh. His great-great grandmother Margaret (Godwin) Swift was the sister of Francis Godwin, author of The Man in the Moone which influenced parts of Swift's Gulliver'due south Travels. His uncle Thomas Swift married a daughter of poet and playwright Sir William Davenant, a godson of William Shakespeare.

Swift'southward benefactor and uncle Godwin Swift took primary responsibility for the young man, sending him with one of his cousins to Kilkenny Higher (likewise attended by philosopher George Berkeley).^[11] He arrived there at the age of half dozen, where he was expected to take already learned the bones declensions in Latin. He had non, and thus began his schooling in a lower course. Swift graduated in 1682, when he was fifteen.^[12]

Jonathan Swift in 1682, by Thomas Pooley. The artist had married into the Swift family unit^[13]

He attended Trinity College Dublin, the sole elective college of the Academy of Dublin, in 1682,^[xiv] financed by Godwin'south son Willoughby. The four-year course followed a curriculum largely ready in the Middle Ages for the priesthood. The lectures were dominated by Aristotelian logic and philosophy. The basic skill taught the students was argue, and they were expected to exist able to debate both sides of any argument or topic. Swift was an above-average student simply not infrequent, and received his B.A. in 1686 "by special grace."^[15]

Adult life

Maturity

Swift was studying for his principal's degree when political troubles in Ireland surrounding the Glorious Revolution forced him to leave for England in 1688, where his female parent helped him go a position every bit secretary and personal assistant of Sir William Temple at Moor Park, Farnham.^[16] Temple was an English diplomat who arranged the Triple Alliance of 1668. He had retired from public service to his state manor, to tend his gardens and write his memoirs. Gaining his employer'due south confidence, Swift "was often trusted with matters of bang-up importance".^[17] Inside three years of their associate, Temple had introduced his secretary to William III and sent him to London to urge the King to consent to a bill for triennial Parliaments.

Swift took upwardly his residence at Moor Park where he met Esther Johnson, so eight years old, the daughter of an impoverished widow who acted equally companion to Temple's sis Lady Giffard. Swift was her tutor and mentor, giving her the nickname "Stella", and the two maintained a close but ambiguous relationship for the rest of Esther's life.^[18]

In 1690, Swift left Temple for Ireland because of his health, just returned to Moor Park the following year. The illness consisted of fits of vertigo or giddiness, now believed to be Ménière's affliction, and it continued to plague him throughout his life.^[19] During this 2d stay with Temple, Swift received his M.A. from Hart Hall, Oxford, in 1692. He then left Moor Park, plain despairing of gaining a better position through Temple's patronage, in order to go an ordained priest in the Established Church of Ireland. He was appointed to the prebend of Kilroot in the Diocese of Connor in 1694,^[20] with his parish located at Kilroot, well-nigh Carrickfergus in County Antrim.

Swift appears to take been miserable in his new position, being isolated in a small-scale, remote customs far from the centres of ability and influence. While at Kilroot, however, he may well have become romantically involved with Jane Waring, whom he called "Varina", the sis of an former higher friend.^[17] A letter from him survives, offering to remain if she would ally him and promising to leave and never render to Ireland if she refused. She presumably refused, because Swift left his post and returned to England and Temple'south service at Moor Park in 1696, and he remained there until Temple'south expiry. At that place he was employed in helping to prepare Temple's memoirs and correspondence for publication. During this time, Swift wrote The Boxing of the Books, a satire responding to critics of Temple'due south Essay upon Ancient and Modernistic Learning (1690), though Battle was not published until 1704.

Temple died on 27 January 1699.^[17] Swift, commonly a harsh approximate of human nature, said that all that was good and amiable in mankind had died with Temple.^[17] He stayed on briefly in England to consummate editing Temple's memoirs, and peradventure in the promise that recognition of his work might earn him a suitable position in England. Unfortunately, his work made enemies among some of Temple's family and friends, in particular Temple'southward formidable sister Lady Giffard, who objected to indiscretions included in the memoirs.^[18] Swift'south side by side movement was to approach Rex William directly, based on his imagined connexion through Temple and a belief that he had been promised a position. This failed then miserably that he accepted the lesser post of secretary and chaplain to the Earl of Berkeley, one of the Lords Justice of Ireland. However, when he reached Republic of ireland, he institute that the secretaryship had already been given to some other. He presently obtained the living of Laracor, Agher, and Rathbeggan, and the prebend of Dunlavin^[21] in St Patrick'southward Cathedral, Dublin.^[22]

Swift ministered to a congregation of nearly fifteen at Laracor, which was just over four and half miles (7.5 km) from Summerhill, County Meath, and twenty miles (32 km) from Dublin. He had arable leisure for cultivating his garden, making a canal subsequently the Dutch style of Moor Park, planting willows, and rebuilding the vicarage. As chaplain to Lord Berkeley, he spent much of his time in Dublin and travelled to London frequently over the next ten years. In 1701, he anonymously published the political pamphlet A Discourse on the Contests and Dissentions in Athens and Rome.

Writer

Swift had residence in Trim, County Meath, later on 1700. He wrote many of his works during this time flow. In Feb 1702, Swift received his Doctor of Divinity degree from Trinity College Dublin. That spring he travelled to England and so returned to Ireland in October, accompanied by Esther Johnson—at present 20—and his friend Rebecca Dingley, another member of William Temple'due south household. There is a great mystery and controversy over Swift'southward relationship with Esther Johnson, nicknamed "Stella". Many, notably his close friend Thomas Sheridan, believed that they were secretly married in 1716; others, like Swift's housekeeper Mrs Brent and Rebecca Dingley (who lived with Stella all through her years in Republic of ireland), dismissed the story every bit absurd.^[23] Swift certainly did not wish her to marry anyone else: in 1704, when their mutual friend William Tisdall informed Swift that he intended to advise to Stella, Swift wrote to him to dissuade him from the thought. Although the tone of the alphabetic character was courteous, Swift privately expressed his disgust for Tisdall equally an "interloper", and they were estranged for many years.

During his visits to England in these years, Swift published A Tale of a Tub and The Boxing of the Books (1704) and began to gain a reputation equally a writer. This led to close, lifelong friendships with Alexander Pope, John Gay, and John Arbuthnot, forming the core of the Martinus Scriblerus Club (founded in 1713).

Swift became increasingly active politically in these years.^[24] Swift supported the Glorious Revolution and early on in his life belonged to the Whigs.^{[25] [26]} As a member of the Anglican Church building, he feared a render of the Catholic monarchy and "Papist" absolutism.^[26] From 1707 to 1709 and once again in 1710, Swift was in London unsuccessfully urging upon the Whig administration of Lord Godolphin the claims of the Irish gaelic clergy to the Outset-Fruits and Twentieths ("Queen Anne'due south Compensation"), which brought in about £2,500 a year, already granted to their brethren in England. He found the opposition Tory leadership more sympathetic to his cause, and, when they came to power in 1710, he was recruited to support their cause as editor of The Examiner. In 1711, Swift published the political pamphlet The Comport of the Allies, attacking the Whig government for its inability to end the prolonged war with France. The incoming Tory government conducted secret (and illegal) negotiations with French republic, resulting in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) catastrophe the State of war of the Spanish Succession.

Swift was part of the inner circumvolve of the Tory government,^[27] and often acted every bit mediator between Henry St John (Viscount Bolingbroke), the secretary of state for foreign affairs (1710–15), and Robert Harley (Earl of Oxford), lord treasurer and prime number minister (1711–fourteen). Swift recorded his experiences and thoughts during this difficult fourth dimension in a long series of letters to Esther Johnson, nerveless and published after his expiry equally A Journal to Stella. The antagonism between the 2 Tory leaders eventually led to the dismissal of Harley in 1714. With the decease of Queen Anne and accession of George I that year, the Whigs returned to power, and the Tory leaders were tried for treason for conducting secret negotiations with France.

Swift has been described by scholars as "a Whig in politics and Tory in religion" and Swift related his own views in similar terms, stating that every bit "a lover of liberty, I found myself to be what they called a Whig in politics ... Merely, every bit to religion, I confessed myself to be an High-Churchman."^[25] In his "Thoughts on Faith", fearing the intense partisan strife waged over religious belief in the seventeenth century England, Swift wrote that "Every human being, equally a member of the republic, ought to be content with the possession of his own opinion in individual."^[25] Still, it should be borne in mind that, during Swift's time menses, terms like "Whig" and "Tory" both encompassed a wide assortment of opinions and factions, and neither term aligns with a modern political party or modernistic political alignments.^[25]

Too during these years in London, Swift became acquainted with the Vanhomrigh family unit (Dutch merchants who had settled in Ireland, and then moved to London) and became involved with one of the daughters, Esther. Swift furnished Esther with the nickname "Vanessa" (derived by adding "Essa", a pet form of Esther, to the "Van" of her surname, Vanhomrigh), and she features as one of the principal characters in his poem Cadenus and Vanessa. The poem and their correspondence suggest that Esther was infatuated with Swift, and that he may take reciprocated her affections, only to regret this so try to break off the relationship.^[28] Esther followed Swift to Republic of ireland in 1714, and settled at her erstwhile family dwelling house, Celbridge Abbey. Their uneasy relationship connected for some years; then at that place appears to have been a confrontation, possibly involving Esther Johnson. Esther Vanhomrigh died in 1723 at the age of 35, having destroyed the will she had made in Swift's favour.^[29] Another lady with whom he had a close but less intense relationship was Anne Long, a toast of the Kit-Cat Social club.

Final years

Jonathan Swift (shown without wig) past Rupert Barber, 1745, National Portrait Gallery, London

Before the fall of the Tory regime, Swift hoped that his services would exist rewarded with a church appointment in England. Nevertheless, Queen Anne appeared to have taken a dislike to Swift and thwarted these efforts. Her dislike has been attributed to A Tale of a Tub, which she thought cursing, compounded past The Windsor Prophecy, where Swift, with a surprising lack of tact, advised the Queen on which of her chamber ladies she should and should non trust.^[30] The best position his friends could secure for him was the Deanery of St Patrick's;^[31] this was not in the Queen'due south gift, and Anne, who could be a bitter enemy, made it articulate that Swift would not have received the preferment if she could have prevented it.^[32] With the return of the Whigs, Swift'due south best motility was to leave England and he returned to Ireland in thwarting, a virtual exile, to live "like a rat in a hole".^[33]

list of deans of Saint Patrick'due south Cathedral, including Jonathan Swift

Once in Ireland, however, Swift began to plough his pamphleteering skills in support of Irish causes, producing some of his well-nigh memorable works: Proposal for Universal Apply of Irish gaelic Manufacture (1720), Drapier'due south Letters (1724), and A Modest Proposal (1729), earning him the status of an Irish patriot.^[34] This new office was unwelcome to the Authorities, which made clumsy attempts to silence him. His printer, Edward Waters, was bedevilled of seditious libel in 1720, but 4 years later a chiliad jury refused to detect that the Drapier'southward Letters (which, though written under a pseudonym, were universally known to be Swift's piece of work) were seditious.^[35] Swift responded with an attack on the Irish judiciary almost unparalleled in its ferocity, his master target being the "vile and profligate villain" William Whitshed, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland.^[36]

Also during these years, he began writing his masterpiece, Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts, past Lemuel Gulliver, first a surgeon, and then a helm of several ships, better known equally Gulliver's Travels. Much of the textile reflects his political experiences of the preceding decade. For instance, the episode in which the giant Gulliver puts out the Lilliputian palace burn past urinating on information technology can exist seen as a metaphor for the Tories' illegal peace treaty; having washed a good thing in an unfortunate style. In 1726 he paid a long-deferred visit to London,^[37] taking with him the manuscript of Gulliver'due south Travels. During his visit he stayed with his onetime friends Alexander Pope, John Arbuthnot and John Gay, who helped him suit for the anonymous publication of his book. First published in November 1726, it was an firsthand hit, with a total of 3 printings that yr and some other in early 1727. French, German, and Dutch translations appeared in 1727, and pirated copies were printed in Ireland.

Swift returned to England ane more fourth dimension in 1727, and stayed one time again with Alexander Pope. The visit was cut short when Swift received discussion that Esther Johnson was dying, and rushed back home to be with her.^[37] On 28 January 1728, Johnson died; Swift had prayed at her bedside, even composing prayers for her comfort. Swift could non behave to be present at the terminate, but on the dark of her death he began to write his The Death of Mrs Johnson. He was too ill to attend the funeral at St Patrick's.^[37] Many years afterward, a lock of hair, assumed to be Johnson's, was found in his desk-bound, wrapped in a newspaper bearing the words, "But a woman's hair".

Decease

Death became a frequent feature of Swift'south life from this bespeak. In 1731 he wrote Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift, his own obituary, published in 1739. In 1732, his skillful friend and collaborator John Gay died. In 1735, John Arbuthnot, another friend from his days in London, died. In 1738 Swift began to testify signs of illness, and in 1742 he may have suffered a stroke, losing the ability to speak and realising his worst fears of condign mentally disabled. ("I shall exist like that tree", he once said, "I shall die at the acme.")^[38] He became increasingly quarrelsome, and long-continuing friendships, like that with Thomas Sheridan, concluded without sufficient crusade. To protect him from unscrupulous hangers on, who had begun to prey on the dandy man, his closest companions had him declared of "unsound listen and memory". Nonetheless, information technology was long believed by many that Swift was actually insane at this bespeak. In his volume Literature and Western Homo, author J. B. Priestley even cites the final chapters of Gulliver's Travels as proof of Swift's approaching "insanity". Bewley attributes his decline to 'terminal dementia'.^[nineteen]

In role Viii of his series, The Story of Civilization, Will Durant describes the terminal years of Swift'south life as such:

"Definite symptoms of madness appeared in 1738. In 1741, guardians were appointed to accept care of his affairs and watch lest in his outbursts of violence he should exercise himself harm. In 1742, he suffered great hurting from the inflammation of his left heart, which swelled to the size of an egg; v attendants had to restrain him from fierce out his heart. He went a whole year without uttering a word."^[39]

In 1744, Alexander Pope died. Then on 19 October 1745, Swift, at most 80, died.^[40] After being laid out in public view for the people of Dublin to pay their last respects, he was buried in his own cathedral by Esther Johnson's side, in accordance with his wishes. The bulk of his fortune (£12,000) was left to plant a infirmary for the mentally sick, originally known as St Patrick's Hospital for Imbeciles, which opened in 1757, and which even so exists as a psychiatric hospital.^[twoscore]

(Text extracted from the introduction to The Periodical to Stella by George A. Aitken and from other sources).

Jonathan Swift wrote his ain epitaph:

Hic depositum est Corpus IONATHAN SWIFT S.T.D. Hujus Ecclesiæ Cathedralis Decani, Ubi sæva Indignatio Ulterius Cor lacerare nequit. Abi Viator Et imitare, si poteris, Strenuum pro virili Libertatis Vindicatorem. Obiit 19º Die Mensis Octobris A.D. 1745 Anno Ætatis 78º.

Here is laid the Body of Jonathan Swift, Doctor of Sacred Theology, Dean of this Cathedral Church, where vehement Indignation tin no longer injure the Center. Get forth, Voyager, and copy, if y'all can, this vigorous (to the best of his ability) Champion of Freedom. He died on the 19th Day of the Month of October, A.D. 1745, in the 78th Year of his Historic period.

W. B. Yeats poetically translated it from the Latin as:

Swift has sailed into his rest;

Vicious indignation in that location

Cannot lacerate his breast.

Imitate him if you dare,

World-besotted traveller; he

Served human liberty.

Swift, Stella and Vanessa - an culling view

Michael Foot, the tardily British politician and leader of the Labour Party, was a neat admirer of Swift and wrote nearly him extensively. In Debts of Honour ^[41] he cites with approbation a theory propounded by Denis Johnston that offers an caption of Swift's behavior towards Stella and Vanessa.

Pointing to contradictions in the received information about Swift'southward origins and parentage, Johnston postulates that Swift's real father was Sir William Temple's father, Sir John Temple who was Main of the Rolls in Dublin at the time. It is widely idea that Stella was Sir William Temple's illegitimate daughter. So Swift was Sir William's brother and Stella's uncle. Marriage or close relations between Swift and Stella would therefore have been incest, an unthinkable prospect.

It follows that Swift could not take married Vanessa either without Stella appearing to be a cast-off mistress, which he would not contemplate. Johnston'southward theory is expounded fully in his book In Search of Swift.^[42] He is too cited in the Dictionary of Irish Biography ^[43] and the theory is presented without attribution in the Curtailed Cambridge History of English Literature.^[44]

Works

Swift was a prolific writer, notable for his satires. The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965–) comprises fourteen volumes. A contempo edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.

Major prose works

Jonathan Swift at the Deanery of St Patrick's, illus. from 1905 Temple Scott edition of Works

Swift'due south first major prose work, A Tale of a Tub, demonstrates many of the themes and stylistic techniques he would employ in his later work. It is at one time wildly playful and funny while being pointed and harshly critical of its targets. In its primary thread, the Tale recounts the exploits of three sons, representing the main threads of Christianity, who receive a bequest from their father of a coat each, with the added instructions to make no alterations any. All the same, the sons before long discover that their coats have fallen out of electric current manner, and begin to look for loopholes in their begetter's volition that will permit them make the needed alterations. Every bit each finds his own means of getting effectually their father'southward admonition, they struggle with each other for power and dominance. Inserted into this story, in alternating chapters, the narrator includes a serial of whimsical "digressions" on various subjects.

In 1690, Sir William Temple, Swift's patron, published An Essay upon Aboriginal and Modernistic Learning a defence of classical writing (see Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns), holding up the Epistles of Phalaris as an example. William Wotton responded to Temple with Reflections upon Ancient and Mod Learning (1694), showing that the Epistles were a after forgery. A response past the supporters of the Ancients was then fabricated by Charles Boyle (afterwards the 4th Earl of Orrery and father of Swift'southward first biographer). A further retort on the Modern side came from Richard Bentley, one of the pre-eminent scholars of the day, in his essay Dissertation upon the Epistles of Phalaris (1699). The final words on the topic belong to Swift in his Boxing of the Books (1697, published 1704) in which he makes a humorous defence on behalf of Temple and the cause of the Ancients.

The title page to Swift'south 1735 Works, depicting the author in the Dean'southward chair, receiving the cheers of Ireland. The Horatian motto reads, Exegi Monumentum Ære perennius , "I take completed a monument more lasting than contumely." The 'brass' is a pun, for William Wood's halfpennies (alloyed with brass) lie scattered at his feet. Cherubim honor Swift a poet'due south laurel.

In 1708, a cobbler named John Partridge published a popular annual of astrological predictions. Because Partridge falsely determined the deaths of several church building officials, Swift attacked Partridge in Predictions for the Ensuing Year by Isaac Bickerstaff, a parody predicting that Partridge would die on 29 March. Swift followed upwards with a pamphlet issued on xxx March claiming that Partridge had in fact died, which was widely believed despite Partridge's statements to the reverse. According to other sources,^{[ citation needed ]} Richard Steele used the persona of Isaac Bickerstaff, and was the i who wrote about the "expiry" of John Partridge and published it in The Spectator, not Jonathan Swift.

The Drapier's Letters (1724) was a series of pamphlets against the monopoly granted past the English authorities to William Wood to mint copper coinage for Ireland. Information technology was widely believed that Woods would need to flood Ireland with debased coinage in club to make a profit. In these "letters" Swift posed as a shop-keeper—a draper—to criticise the plan. Swift's writing was so effective in undermining opinion in the projection that a reward was offered by the government to anyone disclosing the true identity of the author. Though inappreciably a undercover (on returning to Dublin later on i of his trips to England, Swift was greeted with a banner, "Welcome Home, Drapier") no one turned Swift in, although in that location was an unsuccessful endeavour to prosecute the publisher John Harding.^[45] Thanks to the general outcry against the coinage, Forest'south patent was rescinded in September 1725 and the coins were kept out of circulation.^[46] In "Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift" (1739) Swift recalled this every bit 1 of his best achievements.

Gulliver's Travels, a large portion of which Swift wrote at Woodbrook Firm in Canton Laois, was published in 1726. Information technology is regarded as his masterpiece. Equally with his other writings, the Travels was published under a pseudonym, the fictional Lemuel Gulliver, a ship's surgeon and later a sea captain. Some of the correspondence betwixt printer Benj. Motte and Gulliver'due south also-fictional cousin negotiating the volume's publication has survived. Though it has often been mistakenly idea of and published in bowdlerised form as a children's book, it is a great and sophisticated satire of human nature based on Swift'southward experience of his times. Gulliver'southward Travels is an anatomy of homo nature, a sardonic looking-glass, ofttimes criticised for its apparent misanthropy. It asks its readers to refute it, to deny that it has adequately characterised human nature and guild. Each of the four books—recounting four voyages to mostly fictional exotic lands—has a dissimilar theme, just all are attempts to deflate human pride. Critics hail the piece of work every bit a satiric reflection on the shortcomings of Enlightenment thought.

In 1729, Swift'south A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland Being a Burden on Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Benign to the Publick was published in Dublin by Sarah Harding.^[47] It is a satire in which the narrator, with intentionally grotesque arguments, recommends that Republic of ireland's poor escape their poverty past selling their children equally food to the rich: "I have been bodacious by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London, that a young healthy kid well nursed is at a yr old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food ..." Following the satirical grade, he introduces the reforms he is actually suggesting by deriding them:

Therefore let no human talk to me of other expedients ... taxing our absentees ... using [nada] except what is of our own growth and manufacture ... rejecting ... foreign luxury ... introducing a vein of parsimony, prudence and temperance ... learning to love our country ... quitting our animosities and factions ... teaching landlords to have at to the lowest degree one caste of mercy towards their tenants. ... Therefore I echo, let no human being talk to me of these and the like expedients, till he hath at least some glympse of hope, that in that location will ever be some hearty and sincere try to put them into practice.^[48]

Essays, tracts, pamphlets, periodicals

• "A Meditation upon a Broom-stick" (1703–10): Full text: Project Gutenberg
• "A Tritical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind" (1707–11): Full text: Jonathan Swift Archives, King's College London^[49]
• The Bickerstaff-Partridge Papers (1708–09): Total text: U of Adelaide
• "An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity" (1708–11): Full text: U of Adelaide Archived 12 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine
• The Intelligencer (with Thomas Sheridan (1719–1788)): Text: Project Gutenberg
• The Examiner (1710): Texts: Ourcivilisation.com, Project Gutenberg
• "A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English language Tongue" (1712): Full texts: Jack Lynch, U of Virginia
• "On the Conduct of the Allies" (1711)
• "Hints Toward an Essay on Conversation" (1713): Full text: Bartleby.com
• "A Letter of the alphabet to a Young Admirer, Lately Entered into Holy Orders" (1720)
• "A Letter of Advice to a Immature Poet" (1721): Full text: Bartleby.com
• Drapier's Messages (1724, 1725): Full text: Project Gutenberg
• "Bon Mots de Stella" (1726): a curiously irrelevant appendix to "Gulliver's Travels"
• "A Modest Proposal", perchance the near notable satire in English, suggesting that the Irish should engage in cannibalism. (Written in 1729)
• "An Essay on the Fates of Clergymen"
• "A Treatise on Good Manners and Skilful Breeding": Full text: Bartleby.com
• "A small-scale address to the wicked authors of the present historic period. Particularly the authors of Christianity not founded on statement; and of The resurrection of Jesus considered" (1743–45?)

Poems

An 1850 illustration of Swift

• "Ode to the Athenian Society", Swift's starting time publication, printed in The Athenian Mercury in the supplement of Feb 14, 1691.
• Poems of Jonathan Swift, D.D. Texts at Project Gutenberg: Book One, Volume Two
• "Baucis and Philemon" (1706–09): Full text: Munseys
• "A Clarification of the Morn" (1709): Full annotated text: U of Toronto; Some other text: U of Virginia
• "A Clarification of a Urban center Shower" (1710): Total text: U of Virginia
• "Cadenus and Vanessa" (1713): Full text: Munseys
• "Phillis, or, the Progress of Honey" (1719): Full text: theotherpages.org
• Stella'due south birthday poems:
  • 1719. Full annotated text: U of Toronto
  • 1720. Full text: U of Virginia
  • 1727. Full text: U of Toronto
• "The Progress of Dazzler" (1719–20): Full text: OurCivilisation.com
• "The Progress of Poetry" (1720): Total text: theotherpages.org
• "A Satirical Elegy on the Decease of a Late Famous General" (1722): Full text: U of Toronto
• "To Quilca, a Country House not in Good Repair" (1725): Full text: U of Toronto
• "Advice to the Grub Street Poetry-writers" (1726): Full text: U of Toronto
• "The Furniture of a Woman's Mind" (1727)
• "On a Very Former Drinking glass" (1728): Full text: Gosford.co.britain
• "A Pastoral Dialogue" (1729): Full text: Gosford.co.uk
• "The Grand Question debated Whether Hamilton'due south Bawn should be turned into a Barrack or a Malt House" (1729): Full text: Gosford.co.united kingdom
• "On Stephen Duck, the Thresher and Favourite Poet" (1730): Full text: U of Toronto
• "Death and Daphne" (1730): Total text: OurCivilisation.com
• "The Place of the Damn'd" (1731): Total text at the Wayback Auto (archived 27 October 2009)
• "A Beautiful Young Nymph Going to Bed" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch; Some other text: U of Virginia
• "Strephon and Chloe" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch; Another text: U of Virginia
• "Helter Skelter" (1731): Full text: OurCivilisation.com
• "Cassinus and Peter: A Tragical Elegy" (1731): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch
• "The 24-hour interval of Judgment" (1731): Full text
• "Verses on the Decease of Dr. Swift, D.S.P.D." (1731–32): Total annotated texts: Jack Lynch, U of Toronto; Non-annotated text:: U of Virginia
• "An Epistle to a Lady" (1732): Full text: OurCivilisation.com
• "The Beasts' Confession to the Priest" (1732): Full annotated text: U of Toronto
• "The Lady'due south Dressing Room" (1732): Full annotated text: Jack Lynch
• "On Poetry: A Rhapsody" (1733)
• "The Puppet Show" Total text: Worldwideschool.org
• "The Logicians Refuted" Full text: Worldwideschool.org

Correspondence, personal writings

• "When I Come to Exist Old" – Swift's resolutions. (1699): Full text: JaffeBros
• A Journal to Stella (1710–13): Full text (presented as daily entries): The Journal to Stella; Extracts: OurCivilisation.com;
• Letters:
  • Selected Messages: JaffeBros
  • To Oxford and Pope: OurCivilisation.com
• The Correspondence of Jonathan Swift, D.D. Edited past David Woolley. In iv volumes, plus index volume. Frankfurt am Main; New York : P. Lang, c. 1999–c. 2007.

Sermons, prayers

• Three Sermons and Three Prayers. Full text: U of Adelaide, Projection Gutenberg
• Three Sermons: I. on mutual subjection. Two. on conscience. III. on the trinity. Text: Projection Gutenberg
• Writings on Faith and the Church. Text at Project Gutenberg: Volume One, Volume Two
• "The First He Wrote Oct. 17, 1727." Full text: Worldwideschool.org
• "The Second Prayer Was Written Nov. half-dozen, 1727." Full text: Worldwideschool.org

Miscellany

• Directions to Servants (1731): Full text: Jonathon Swift Archive
• A Complete Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation (1738)
• "Thoughts on Various Subjects." Full text: U of Adelaide Archived xiv October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
• Historical Writings: Project Gutenberg
• Swift quotes at Bartleby: Bartleby.com – 59 quotations, with notes

Legacy

John Ruskin named him every bit one of the iii people in history who were the near influential for him.^[50]

George Orwell named him as one of the writers he most admired, despite disagreeing with him on almost every moral and political consequence.^[51] Modernist poet Edith Sitwell wrote a fictional biography of Swift, titled I Live Nether a Black Sun and published in 1937.^[52]

Swift crater, a crater on Mars's moon Deimos, is named after Jonathan Swift, who predicted the beingness of the moons of Mars.^[53]

In 1982, Soviet playwright Grigory Gorin wrote a theatrical fantasy called The House That Swift Built based on the last years of Jonathan Swift'southward life and episodes of his works.^[54] The play was filmed by director Mark Zakharov in the 1984 ii-part idiot box movie of the same name.

In honour of Swift's long-time residence in Trim, in that location are several monuments in the town mark his legacy. Well-nigh notable is Swift'southward Street, named after him. Trim also holds a recurring festival in honor of Swift, called the 'Trim Swift Festival'.

Jake Arnott features him in his 2017 novel The Fatal Tree.^[55]

A 2017 analysis of library holdings information revealed that Swift is the most popular Irish writer, and that Gulliver's Travels is the most widely held work of Irish literature in libraries globally.^[56]

Run across also

• Poor Richard'south Almanack
• Sweetness and light

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b} Jonathan Swift at the Encyclopædia Britannica
2. ^ "Swift", Online literature, archived from the original on 3 Baronial 2019, retrieved 17 Dec 2011
3. ^ "What higher award can a reviewer pay to a gimmicky satirist than to call his or her work Swiftian Archived 23 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine?" Frank Boyle, "Johnathan Swift", Ch 11 in A Companion to Satire: Ancient and Mod (2008), edited past Ruben Quintero, John Wiley & Sons ISBN 0470657952
4. ^ Stephen, Leslie (1898). "Swift, Jonathan". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 204.
5. ^ Stubbs, John (2016). Jonathan Swift: The Reluctant Rebel. New York: WW Norton & Co. pp. 25–26.
6. ^ Stubbs (2016), p. 43.
7. ^ Degategno, Paul J.; Jay Stubblefield, R. (2014). Jonathan Swift. ISBN978-1438108513. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved four October 2020.
8. ^ "Jonathan Swift: His Life and His Globe". The Barnes & Noble Review. Archived from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
9. ^ Stubbs (2016), p. 54.
10. ^ Stubbs (2016), pp. 58–63.
11. ^ ^{a b} Stephen DNB, p. 205
12. ^ Stubbs (2016), pp. 73–74.
13. ^ Hourican, Bridget (2002). "Thomas Pooley". Royal Irish gaelic University – Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved three Nov 2020.
14. ^ "Alumni Dublinenses Supplement p. 116: a register of the students, graduates, professors and provosts of Trinity College in the University of Dublin (1593–1860) Burtchaell, G.D/Sadlier, T.U: Dublin, Alex Thom and Co, 1935
15. ^ Stubbs (2016), pp. 86–90
16. ^ Stephen DNB, p. 206
17. ^ ^{a b c d} Stephen DNB, p. 207
18. ^ ^{a b} Stephen DNB, p. 208
19. ^ ^{a b} Bewley, Thomas H., "The health of Jonathan Swift", Periodical of the Majestic Society of Medicine 1998;91:602–605
20. ^ "Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 3" Cotton, H. p. 266: Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848–1878
21. ^ "Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 2" Cotton, H. p. 165: Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848–1878
22. ^ Stephen DNB, p. 209
23. ^ Stephen DNB, pp. 215–217
24. ^ Stephen DNB, p. 212.
25. ^ ^{a b c d} Fox, Christopher (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Swift. Cambridge Academy Printing. pp. 36–39.
26. ^ ^{a b} Cody, David. "Jonathan Swift's Political Behavior". Victorian Web. Archived from the original on viii November 2018. Retrieved 26 Oct 2018.
27. ^ Stephen DNB, pp. 212–215
28. ^ Stephen DNB, pp. 215–216
29. ^ Stephen DNB, p. 216
30. ^ Gregg, Edward (1980). Queen Anne. Yale Academy Printing. pp. 352–353.
31. ^ "Fasti Ecclesiae Hibernicae: The succession of the prelates Volume 2" Cotton, H. pp. 104–105: Dublin, Hodges & Smith, 1848–1878
32. ^ Gregg (1980), p. 353
33. ^ Stephen DNB p. 215
34. ^ Stephen DNB pp. 217–218
35. ^ Sir Walter Scott. Life of Jonathan Swift, vol. 1, Edinburgh 1814, pp. 281–282
36. ^ Ball, F. Elrington. The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921, London John Murray 1926, vol. 2 pp. 103–105
37. ^ ^{a b c} Stephen DNB, p. 219
38. ^ Stephen DNB, p. 221
39. ^ "The Story of Culture", vol. viii., 362.
40. ^ ^{a b} Stephen DNB, p. 222
41. ^ Foot, Michael (1981) Debts of Honour Harper & Row, New York. p.219
42. ^ Johnston, Denis (1959) In Search of Swift Hodges Figgis, Dublin
43. ^ Dictionary of Irish gaelic Biography
44. ^ Concise Cambridge History of English Literature, 1970, p. 387
45. ^ Elrington Ball. The Judges in Ireland, vol. two pp. 103–105
46. ^ Baltes, Sabine (2003). The Pamphlet Controversy nearly Forest'due south Halfpence (1722–25) and the Tradition of Irish Constitutional Nationalism. Peter Lang GmbH. p. 273.
47. ^ Traynor, Jessica. "Irish 5 English prizefighters: middle-gouging, kick and sword fighting". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 9 Jan 2020. Retrieved 12 Apr 2020.
48. ^ Swift, Jonathan (2015). A Pocket-size Proposal. London: Penguin. p. 29. ISBN978-0141398181.
49. ^ This work is frequently wrongly referred to as "A Critical Essay upon the Faculties of the Mind".
50. ^ In the preface of the 1871 edition of Sesame and Lilies Ruskin mentions three figures from literary history with whom he feels an affinity: Guido Guinicelli, Marmontel and Dean Swift; run into John Ruskin, Sesame and lilies: 3 lectures Archived 11 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Smith, Elder, & Co., 1871, p. xxviii.
51. ^ "Politics vs. Literature: an examination of Gulliver's Travels" Shooting an Elephant and other Essays Secker and Warburg London 1950
52. ^ Gabriele Griffin (2003). Who's Who in Lesbian and Gay Writing. Routledge. p. 244. ISBN978-1134722099. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
53. ^ MathPages – Galileo's Anagrams and the Moons of Mars Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
54. ^ Justin Hayford (12 January 2006). "The House That Swift Built". Performing Arts Review. Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved nine February 2020.
55. ^ Arnott, Jake (2017). The Fatal Tree. Sceptre. ISBN978-1473637740.
56. ^ "What is the virtually popular Irish book?". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on ii Dec 2017. Retrieved one December 2017.

References

• Damrosch, Leo (2013). Jonathan Swift : His Life and His World. New Haven: Yale University Printing. ISBN978-0-300-16499-two. . Includes well-nigh 100 illustrations.
• Delany, Patrick (1754). Observations Upon Lord Orrery's Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr. Jonathan Swift. London: W. Reeve. OL 25612897M.
• Fox, Christopher, ed. (2003). The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Swift. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-00283-seven.
• Ehrenpreis, Irvin (1958). The Personality of Jonathan Swift. London: Methuen. ISBN978-0-416-60310-ane. .
  • — (1962). Swift: The Man, His Works, and the Age. Vol. I: Mr. Swift and his Contemporaries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-85830-i.
  • — (1967). Swift: The Man, His Works, and the Age. Vol. Two: Dr. Swift. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-85832-eight.
  • — (1983). Swift: The Man, His Works, and the Age. Vol. Iii: Dean Swift. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-85835-two.
• Nokes, David (1985). Jonathan Swift, a Hypocrite Reversed: A Critical Biography . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-812834-2.
• Orrery, John Boyle, Earl of (1752) [1751]. Remarks on the Life and Writings of Dr. Jonathan Swift (tertiary, corrected ed.). London: Printed for A. Millar. OL 25612886M.
• Stephen, Leslie (1882). Swift. English Men of Messages. New York: Harper & Brothers. OL 15812247W. Noted biographer succinctly critiques (pp. v–vii) biographical works by Lord Orrery, Patrick Delany, Deane Swift, John Hawkesworth, Samuel Johnson, Thomas Sheridan, Walter Scott, William Monck Mason, John Forester, John Barrett, and Westward.R. Wilde.
• Stephen, Leslie (1898). "Jonathan Swift". In Smith, George (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 55:Stow – Taylor. London: Smith, Elder, & Co. pp. 204–227. OL 7215056M. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
• Wilde, W. R. (1849). The Closing Years of Dean Swift'due south Life. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. OL 23288983M.
• Samuel Johnson's "Life of Swift": JaffeBros Archived 7 November 2005 at the Wayback Car. From his Lives of the Poets.
• William Makepeace Thackeray's influential vitriolic biography: JaffeBros Archived vii Nov 2005 at the Wayback Motorcar. From his English Humourists of The Eighteenth Century.
• Sir Walter Scott Memoirs of Jonathan Swift, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick'due south, Dublin . Paris: A. and West. Galignani, 1826.
• Whibley, Charles (1917). Jonathan Swift: the Leslie Stephen lecture delivered before the University of Cambridge on 26 May 1917. Cambridge: Cambridge Academy Press.

External links

• Jonathan Swift at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Swift, Jonathan". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• BBC sound file "Swift's A small Proposal". BBC discussion. In our time.
• Jonathan Swift at Curlie
• Jonathan Swift at the National Portrait Gallery, London
• Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745) Dean of St Patrick's Dublin Satirist at the National Register of Archives

Online works

savagedegras.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift

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